Selection Report: Linkage Projects 2022 Round 2

Overview

The Linkage Projects scheme supports projects which initiate or develop long term strategic research alliances to apply advanced knowledge to problems, acquire new knowledge and as a basis for securing commercial and other benefits of research.

The objectives of the Linkage Projects scheme are to:

support the development of long-term strategic research alliances between higher education organisations and industry and other research end-users, in order to apply advanced knowledge to problems;
provide opportunities for internationally competitive research projects to be conducted in collaboration with organisations outside the higher education sector; and
enhance the scale and focus of research in Australian Government priority areas, particularly the National Manufacturing Priorities.

Selection Process

Applications for Linkage Projects 2022 Assessment Round 2 opened on 2 August 2022 and closed on 13 December 2022. Applications were submitted using a continuous application process; this is the second of the two assessment rounds for this scheme. Applications were submitted through the Australian Research Council (ARC) Research Management System (RMS). This report outlines outcomes from the selection process for that round.

These recommendations are based on advice from the ARC Selection Advisory Committee (SAC) which:

assigned independent assessors to review the applications
assessed applications and reviewed assessments made by independent assessors
reviewed applicants’ comments on assessors’ reports
ranked each application relative to the others on the basis of the application, the assessors’ reports and applicants’ responses to those assessments
assessed and recommended budgets;

and, advice from the ARC’s National Competitive Grants Program (NCGP) Eligibility Committee which:

considered eligibility issues identified by ARC staff, the members of the ARC College of Experts or independent assessors
where required, sought advice from the ARC’s Medical Research Advisory Group
made recommendations to the Acting CEO in respect of ineligible applications.

This report reflects the outcomes approved by the Minister. Unless otherwise specified, data presented in this report exclude withdrawn applications.

Assessment Criteria

All applications that meet the eligibility criteria for Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) were assessed and merit ranked using the following assessment criteria:

Investigator(s)/Capability (20%)

Describe the quality of the named participants’ Research Opportunity and Performance Evidence (ROPE) including evidence of:

potential to engage in collaborative research with end-users;
experience in research training, mentoring and supervision; and
time and capacity to undertake and manage the proposed research in collaboration with the Partner Organisation(s).

Project quality and innovation (25%)

Describe the extent to which the project is significant and innovative including:

any new methods or technologies to be developed that address a specific market opportunity;
how the anticipated outcomes will advance the knowledge base to address an important problem and/or provide an end-user and/or industry advantage;
how the project’s aims and concepts are novel and innovative; and
how the project will significantly enhance links with industry and/or other organisations outside the Australian publicly-funded research and higher education sectors.

Describe the research approach and training including:

the conceptual framework, design, methods and analyses, demonstrating these are adequately developed, well integrated and appropriate to the aims of the project; and
the intellectual content and scale of the work proposed is appropriate to a higher degree by research student where relevant.

Feasibility and commitment (20%)

Describe:

the extent to which the project represents value for money;
the supportive and high-quality environment for this research in the Administering Organisation and the Partner Organisation(s);
the availability of the necessary facilities to conduct the research;
the commitment of each Partner Organisation to collaboration in the research project and capacity to implement the outcomes of the research; and
the adequacy of the budget, including cash and in-kind contributions pledged by the participating organisations.

If the project involves research pertaining to Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander research communities describe:

the strategies for enabling collaboration with Australian Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander communities where appropriate (for example, dialogue/collaboration with an Indigenous cultural mentor); and
any existing or developing, supportive and high quality research communities ; and
any personal affiliations with local Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander communities that can facilitate the proposed research.

Benefit (35%)

Describe:

the new or advanced knowledge resulting from outcomes of the research;
the economic, commercial, environmental, social and/or cultural benefits for relevant Australian research end-users (including relevant industry sectors);
the potential contribution to Australian Government priority areas such as the National Manufacturing Priorities, the National Science and Research Priorities, the Low Emissions Technology Statement, the National Agricultural Innovation Priorities, and the Defence Science and Technology Strategy 2030;
benefits of the research for Partner Organisation(s) and other relevant end-users;
the contribution of the research to developing strategic research alliances between the higher education organisation(s) and industry and/or other organisation(s);
strategies to encourage dissemination, commercialisation, and if appropriate, the promotion of research outcomes; and
where relevant, the extent to which the applicants have identified the freedom to operate in the Intellectual Property and patent landscape to enable future benefits to industry and/or end-users.

Assessment process

The ARC assessment process for Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) involved 16 SAC members as part of one multidisciplinary panel and was managed in RMS. A total of 683 independent assessors’ reports were submitted to the ARC.

Funding levels and duration

Funding of between $50,000 and $300,000 per annum for up to five years may be awarded for each Linkage Projects application.

Summary of outcomes

The ARC received a total of 209 applications for Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2), one of which was withdrawn.

The overall success rate for Linkage Projects for funding applied for in 2022 (Round 2) is 27.4 per cent.

Of the unsuccessful applications, 3 were found to not meet eligibility requirements.

A comparison of success rates and funding amounts is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Comparison of application numbers, success rates, requested and allocated funds for approved Linkage Projects applications from 2021 (Rounds 1, 2 and 3) and 2022 (Rounds 1 and 2)

Scheme Round	Applications considered	Applications approved	Success rate (%)	Requested funds over project life for all applications considered ($)	Requested funds over project life for approved applications ($)	Funds allocated over project life for approved applications* ($)	Return rate for approved applications (%)
2021 (Round 1)	156	52	33.3	$79,107,431	$27,924,670	$24,453,512	87.6
2021 (Round 2)	206	68	33.0	$104,442,886	$36,666,155	$31,795,813	86.7
2021 (Round 3)	207	61	29.5	$114,276,759	$36,477,703	$29,657,243	81.3
2022 (Round 1)	193	81	42.0	$100,220,423	$43,807,006	$40,083,565	91.5
2022 (Round 2)	208	57	27.4	$109,986,809	$30,981,425	$28,045,518	90.5

*May include indicative funds

Outcomes by discipline

A summary of outcome by discipline is shown in Table 2.

Table 2. Application numbers, success rates and requested and allocated funds for approved Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications by discipline

Discipline*	Applications considered	Applications approved	Success rate (%)	Requested funds over project life for all applications considered ($)	Requested funds over project life for approved applications ($)	Funds over project life for approved applications ($)	Return Rate for approved applications (%)
BSB	57	11	19.3	$36,053,304	$7,456,191	$6,559,483	88.0%
EIC	80	27	33.8	$42,103,170	$13,630,937	$12,349,503	90.6%
HSE	55	14	25.5	$23,077,355	$6,822,099	$6,231,390	91.3%
MPCE	16	5	31.3	$8,752,980	$3,072,198	$2,905,142	94.6%
Total	208	57	27.4	$109,986,809	$30,981,425	$28,045,518	90.5%

* BSB – Biological Sciences and Biotechnology; EIC – Engineering, Information and Computing Sciences; HSE – Humanities and Creative Arts, Social, Behavioural and Economic Sciences; MPCE – Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences

Outcomes by Science and Research Priorities

A summary of outcomes by Science and Research Priorities is shown in Table 3.

Table 3. Approved funding and success rate for Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications by Science and Research Priorities

Science and Research Priorities	Applications considered	Applications approved	Success rate (%)	Approved funds over project life ($)
Advanced Manufacturing	42	13	31.0%	$6,143,424
Cybersecurity	10	5	50.0%	$2,184,921
Energy	13	6	46.2%	$2,857,404
Environmental Change	49	10	20.4%	$5,600,683
Food	9	1	11.1%	$839,271
Health	24	7	29.2%	$3,843,564
Resources	11	5	45.5%	$3,415,899
Soil and Water	7	3	42.9%	$1,226,384
Transport	7	1	14.3%	$406,838
None selected	36	6	16.7%	$1,527,130
Total Applications	208	57	27.4%	$28,045,518
Total Applications within Science and Research Priorities	172	51	29.7%	$26,518,388
Percentage within Science and Research Priorities (%)	82.7%	89.5%		94.6%

Leverage of ARC Funding

Of the 208 applications considered, 57 were approved with a total approved funding of $28 million over the life of these projects. There are 125 unique Partner Organisations involved with these projects, and they have pledged a total (cash and in-kind) of $43.6 million. This represents $1.56 from Partner Organisations for every dollar funded by the ARC.

Outcomes by Administering Organisation

A summary of outcomes by Administering Organisation is shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Numbers of applications, success rates, ARC approved funding and Partner Organisation contributions for approved Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications by Administering Organisation

Administering Organisation	Applications considered	Applications approved	Success rate (%)	ARC approved funding over project life (approved applications)	Partner Organisation contributions (cash & in-kind) over project life (approved applications)
Australian Capital Territory	4	0	0	-	-
The Australian National University	3	0	0	-	-
University of Canberra	1	0	0	-	-
New South Wales	70	27	38.6	$12,247,710	$17,376,486
Macquarie University	9	3	33.3	$1,602,326	$1,777,413
Southern Cross University	1	1	100.0	$303,617	*
The University of New South Wales	20	9	45.0	$3,287,176	$5,781,232
The University of Newcastle	3	2	66.7	$656,005	$827,571
The University of Sydney	16	7	43.8	$3,921,313	$5,513,548
University of Technology Sydney	6	3	50.0	$1,269,864	$1,399,032
University of Wollongong	6	1	16.7	$502,439	*
Western Sydney University	9	1	11.1	$704,970	*
Northern Territory	2	1	50.0	$741,172	*
Charles Darwin University	2	1	50.0	$741,172	*
Queensland	42	8	19.0	$3,563,914	$5,937,150
Griffith University	7	2	28.6	$937,462	$1,755,900
Queensland University of Technology	11	0	0	-	-
The University of Queensland	19	6	31.6	$2,626,452	$4,181,250
The University of Southern Queensland	3	0	0	-	-
University of the Sunshine Coast	2	0	0	-	-
South Australia	15	3	20.0	$1,429,090	$1,697,003
Flinders University	6	0	0	-	-
The University of Adelaide	5	2	40.0	$1,048,257	$1,232,408
Torrens University Australia	2	0	0	-	-
University of South Australia	2	1	50.0	$380,833	*
Tasmania	4	0	0	-	-
University of Tasmania	4	0	0	-	-
Victoria	52	15	28.8	$8,213,566	$14,235,326
Deakin University	5	1	20.0	$475,770	*
La Trobe University	3	0	0	-	-
Monash University	12	5	41.7	$2,950,996	$5,721,442
RMIT University	7	2	28.6	$690,014	$753,593
Swinburne University of Technology	5	1	20.0	$562,823	*
The University of Melbourne	18	5	27.8	$3,180,995	$6,044,711
Victoria University	2	1	50.0	$352,968	*
Western Australia	19	3	15.8	$1,850,066	$2,584,651
Curtin University	6	1	16.7	$476,992	*
Edith Cowan University	1	0	0	-	-
Murdoch University	2	0	0	-	-
The University of Western Australia	10	2	20.0	$1,373,074	$2,089,651
Total	208	57	27.4	$28,045,518	$43,613,516

* For confidentiality reasons, total contributions by Partner Organisations are not shown in instances in which Administering Organisations are associated with one approved application only. The Table 4 total does, however, include the total contributions by Partner Organisations on approved Projects associated with those Administering Organisations.

Partner Organisations were identified as Australian, international, government, non-profit, industry or overseas higher education organisations. The Partner Organisation contributions in these categories for Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications approved for funding are shown below in Table 5.

Table 5. Partner Organisation contributions by sector for approved Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications

Type	Cash		In-Kind		Total
	$	%	$	%	$	%
Government
Australian Federal	$302,963	2.2	$1,484,642	5.0	$1,787,605	4.1
Australian state, territory and local	$2,465,909	18.1	$6,338,394	21.2	$8,804,303	20.2
Sub-total	$2,768,872	20.3	$7,823,036	26.1	$10,591,908	24.3
Industry Body
Australian	$7,924,846	58.1	$12,428,569	41.5	$20,353,415	46.7
International	$1,645,834	12.1	$2,608,930	8.7	$4,254,764	9.8
Sub-total	$9,570,680	70.1	$15,037,499	50.2	$24,608,179	56.4
Non-profit
Australian	$533,829	3.9	$5,445,048	18.2	$5,978,877	13.7
International	$99,000	0.7	$27,350	0.1	$126,350	0.3
Sub-total	$632,829	4.6	$5,472,398	18.3	$6,105,227	14.0
Higher Education
International	$0	0.0	$18,975	0.1	$18,975	0.0
Sub-total	$0	0.0	$18,975	0.1	$18,975	0.0
Other
Other	$679,000	5.0	$1,610,227	5.4	$2,289,227	5.2
Sub-total	$679,000	5.0	$1,610,227	5.4	$2,289,227	5.2
Total	$13,651,381	100	$29,962,135	100	$43,613,516	100

Note: All percentages are shown using rounded figures, and as such may not sum to 100%.

Partnerships

Linkage Projects applications represent partnerships between researchers, higher education organisations and other organisations, as well as collaborations between Partner Organisations within projects. There are a total of 126 instances of collaboration with Partner Organisations (including multiple collaborations with a number of organisations) in Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications approved for funding, giving an average of 2.21 Partner Organisations involved in each application. These partnerships form congruent and/or complementary linkages in Fields of Research (FoR). A summary of the FoR categories identified by applicants of approved applications and the total Partner Organisation contributions are shown below in Table 6.

Table 6. Application data by Field of Research category for Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2)

Field of Research category	Number of applications approved#	Partner Organisation contributions (cash & in-kind) over project life (approved applications)
Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences	1	*
Biological Sciences	6	$4,742,037
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences	2	$1,862,002
Built Environment and Design	2	$3,627,685
Chemical Sciences	2	$2,150,000
Creative Arts and Writing	1	*
Earth Sciences	2	$1,749,001
Education	1	*
Engineering	19	$13,022,059
Environmental Sciences	3	$4,927,882
Health Sciences	2	$936,437
History, Heritage and Archaeology	1	*
Indigenous Studies	1	*
Information and Computing Sciences	6	$3,350,426
Language, Communication and Culture	3	$1,143,064
Law and Legal Studies	1	*
Physical Sciences	1	*
Psychology	3	$2,138,964
Total	57	$43,613,516

# Based on the primary FoR

*For confidentiality reasons, total contributions by Partner Organisations are not shown in instances in which FoR codes are associated with one approved application only. The Table 6 total does, however, include the total contributions by Partner Organisations on approved Projects associated with those FoR codes.

Career age and gender

Of the 786 Chief Investigators (CIs) in this round, 267 were female, 516 were male, one was indeterminate/intersex and 2 were unspecified. The success rate for female, male, indeterminate/intersex and unspecified CIs in Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) is 25.5%, 25.4%, 0% and 50.0% respectively.

Success rates of CIs by career age and gender in Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) are presented in Figure 1. CIs who selected indeterminate/intersex (0.1%) or did not provide gender information (0.3%) and CIs who did not specify the date of completion of their PhD or who do not hold a PhD (0.6%) are not represented in the figure below.

Figure 1. Participation and success rate of Chief Investigators (CIs) in Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) by gender and career age*

*Career age is calculated as years since PhD (or equivalent). The earliest PhD award date was used where there was more than one PhD.

International Collaboration

In the 208 applications considered, applicants foreshadowed 138 instances of collaboration with researchers in 40 overseas locations. Of the applications approved for funding, 23 foreshadowed 36 instances of collaboration with researchers in 16 overseas locations (Figure 2).

Figure 2. International collaborations by location on approved Linkage Projects 2022 (Round 2) applications*

*The top 6 international collaboration locations are listed in Figure 2 and the remaining locations are grouped in the ‘Other’ category.